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Long Weekend Visit Madrid for 2 days, then use the capital as a base for day trips to Toledo, Avila, and Segovia; or spend 2 days in Madrid, then take the AVE bullet train to Cordoba and/or Seville for 2 nights. Alternatively, you could easily enjoy an entire weekend in Barcelona.
One Week Spend 2 nights in Madrid, then drive north to the wine-growing region of Rioja for 1 day before moving on to San Sebastian for 2 nights, Bilbao for 1 night, and then back to Madrid for the flight home. Alternatively, head directly to Barcelona from Madrid and spend at least 3 nights in the Catalonian capital.
Two Weeks Spend 3 nights in Madrid, followed by two nights in Barcelona. Then drive down the coast for a day in Valencia and on to the Costa del Sol capital of Malaga for 3 days of beach time, golf, or exploring. Then spend 2 nights in Seville and 1 night each in Granada and Cordoba before returning to Madrid. Alternatively, head from Valencia to one of the Balearic Islands for 3 days. Return by ferry then drive south to Seville, Granada and Cordoba before returning to Madrid.